Edmund T. Doyle, a New York City merchant, had been imprisoned in Cardenas six months earlier on “a frivolous charge,” during the tumult after Lopez’ first expedition. Although he did not side with the filibusters and sympathized with Governor Ceruti, there were reprisals against him and other Americans who resided in Cardenas. D. A. Levy, ed., “The Maritime Heritage Project,” http://www.maritimeheritage.org/PassLists/no081550.htm; Antonio Rafael De la Cova, Cuban Confederate Colonel: The Life of Ambrosio Jose Gonzales (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2003), 58.
